Digestive disorders are faults anywhere along the tract that turns food into fuel, from the stomach to the anus, and in the organs that feed into it, the pancreas and the bile ducts. They show up as pain, bleeding, nausea, and a bowel that moves too slowly or too fast, and many of them come down to a lining that will not heal, a muscle that will not relax, or a nerve signal that has gone quiet. Red light therapy (RLT) delivers red and near-infrared light to that tissue, and the light raises the energy output of the cells it reaches, and the studies below tested whether it can speed the closing of a sore, settle inflamed tissue, and prompt the nerves that drive the bowel.
Researchers have studied red light for 10 digestive conditions: hemorrhoids, constipation, anal fissure, stomach ulcers, Crohn's disease, bloating and nausea, chronic pancreatitis, rectal ulcer, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and gut microbiome imbalance. This guide sets out what each study found, the wavelength it used, and the route the light took to reach the gut, which in most cases was not through the skin. Stomach ulcers are the one condition with enough research to score, at 74 out of 100 and Effective. The other 9 rest on 1 or 2 reports each.
The CURE Index (Helio Cure's proprietary scoring system) needs at least 3 human studies before it scores a condition, which is why stomach ulcer carries a score here and the other 9 are reported study by study. Where it scores, the Index rates each trial as Effective, Partially Effective, or Not Effective, weighs how strong each study is, how many exist, and how consistently they agree, and returns a score from 0 to 100 with a verdict of Effective, Mixed Evidence, or Not Effective. The research ran from 630 to 1470 nanometers (nm), and red light between 630 and 635 nm appears in 5 of the 10 conditions, with 650 to 660 nm in 3 more.
Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are swollen, stretched veins in the cushions of tissue lining the lowest part of the rectum and anus. Straining on the toilet, chronic constipation, pregnancy, long hours sitting, and heavy lifting push blood into those cushions until they bulge. The result is bleeding on the paper, itching, a lump at the anus, and, when a clot forms, sharp pain. Fiber, water, and creams settle most flare-ups, and rubber banding or surgery handle the rest, but surgery is followed by days of pain that many patients dread more than the piles.
Red light therapy was tried for that pain and inflammation in a very different setting: a health resort in Ukraine in the early 1990s, where proctology patients used the light as part of a spa regimen. A helium-neon laser at 632.8 nm was applied to the skin around the anus and, through a proctoscope, to the lining inside. The physicians proposed that the light calmed the inflamed tissue and dulled the pain, and that light delivered inside the rectum also stirred the sluggish bowel that keeps piles inflamed.
In 1993, Matsiak and colleagues reported the resort's experience with low-intensity laser therapy in proctology patients. They concluded that adding the helium-neon laser to the resort's combined treatment produced a pain-relieving effect and eliminated inflammation in the anorectal area, and that the laser delivered through the proctoscope also improved colon movement. However, the study names no patient count, no dose, no session count, no measurement, and no comparison group, and the light was one element of a spa program whose other elements went unrecorded in the summary.
Constipation
Constipation is passing stools fewer than 3 times a week, or straining to pass stools that are hard, dry, and incomplete. Too little fiber or fluid, too little movement, iron tablets, opioid painkillers, and, in children, holding stools in after a painful one are some common causes. It brings bloating, cramps, and a sense of never finishing, and the straining it forces opens the door to hemorrhoids and anal fissures. Laxatives loosen the stool, but the bowel empties on a reflex, a chain of nerve signals from the rectum to the lower spine and back, and when that reflex misfires, no laxative resets it.
Two very different routes have put a red light on that reflex. In Canada, they applied the light to the lower back, over the spot where the nerves that run that reflex join the spinal cord. The idea was that light reaching those nerves would make them fire, and that repeated sessions would rebuild a reflex that had faded. In Egypt, a low-power laser was applied to acupuncture points on the belly, back, arm, and leg of constipated children. The idea there was that light on a point sends the same nerve signal a needle would. The former group expected a measurable shift in the nervous system, while the latter expected more frequent, softer stools. Below are more details on each.
In 2023, Abd El Azeem and colleagues in Egypt published the trial in Lasers in Medical Science. 40 children aged 5 to 15 with functional chronic constipation, half of them girls, were randomized to laser acupuncture or to lactulose, the standard osmotic laxative, and both groups received the same diet and toilet-habit advice. The laser group had a 650 nm laser at 30 mW held for 90 seconds on each of 5 acupuncture points, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. At the 3-month follow-up, the laser group was passing stools 4 times a week, compared with 3 in the lactulose group, which was a significant difference. Their stool consistency on the Bristol scale shifted from hard types 1 and 2 in 85% before treatment to normal types 3 to 5 in 90% afterward. Lactulose improved consistency too, but less. However, a laser cannot be compared blind against a syrup, no sham laser was used, and 20 children per group is a small trial.
The Canadian study came a year earlier and asked a narrower question. In 2022, Ali and colleagues at McMaster University in Hamilton published a single-session study in Frontiers in Neuroscience involving 41 adults with chronic colonic motility disorders, 28 of whom were constipated. Light-emitting panels at 660 and 840 nm sat over the lower back for 20 minutes, followed by 825 nm laser probes moved point by point along both sides of the spine from the first lumbar to the last sacral level for 10 minutes, while an electrocardiogram ran throughout. The laser probes raised the heart-rhythm markers of parasympathetic activity and cut the stress index by 17%, shifting the nervous system toward its rest-and-digest state in 30 of the 41 patients, and the same protocol run with the devices switched off in 6 healthy volunteers changed nothing. The authors concluded that light on the lower spine reaches the spinal autonomic nerves and that the approach deserves a trial in refractory constipation. However, no one's bowel habits were measured, the sham test was run on different people, and one session cannot show whether a reflex recovers.
Anal Fissure
An anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the anal canal, the last few centimeters of the bowel. Hard stools, constipation, childbirth, and bouts of diarrhea cause most tears. The fissure brings a sharp, burning pain during and after each bowel movement, bright red blood on the paper, and a spasm of the anal muscle that keeps the tear from closing. Fissures that persist past 6 to 8 weeks count as chronic. Stool softeners and relaxing ointments are the first-line treatment, and when they fail, surgeons cut part of the internal sphincter, which heals more than 90% of fissures but leaves around 4% of patients with some loss of bowel control.
That risk is what sent 3 Brazilian colorectal surgeons to a different tool. They took a surgical laser, set it to a fraction of its cutting power, and held it a few millimeters above the fissure so the light reached the tissue without touching it. The device, a 1470 nm diode laser, ran at 1 to 2 watts, 3 millimeters above the fissure, scanned across it to a dose of up to 30 joules per square centimeter (J/cm²) in a single session. The surgeons propose that light absorbed in the lining cells raises their energy output and releases nitric oxide, the same molecule the ointments use to relax the sphincter, and they expect less pain and a healing tear with the muscle left intact. A single retrospective series carries the evidence.
In 2024, Cordeiro Time and colleagues at Hospital Santa Cruz in Curitiba, working with surgeons at 2 other Brazilian hospitals, published that series in the Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. It included 38 adults, 25 men, with a median age of 49, treated between March 2019 and February 2024 for acute, chronic, or post-surgical fissures that had lasted a median of 19 months. Each received one laser session, followed by 3 days of prescribed painkillers. Pain on the visual analog scale (VAS) fell from 4.1 before treatment to 2.3 at day 7, 0.8 at day 15, 0.3 at day 30, and 0.1 at day 60, each drop significant against baseline. No patient reported incontinence on the Wexner scale at day 60, 3 had minor complications, and 1 fissure had recurred by day 90. The authors concluded that the laser reduced pain over time without affecting continence. However, the series has 4 limits: no comparison group, painkillers given to every patient on the days the pain fell fastest, acute fissures that heal on their own pooled with chronic ones, and the authors' call for randomized trials before judging the method.
Stomach Ulcer
A stomach ulcer, or gastric ulcer, is an open sore in the lining of the stomach, left when acid and digestive juices wear through the mucus layer that protects it. Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and long-term use of anti-inflammatory painkillers cause most ulcers, and smoking and alcohol slow their healing. The sore causes burning pain in the upper belly between meals, bloating, and nausea, and a bleeding ulcer turns stools black.
Red light therapy for stomach ulcers holds a CURE Index score of 74 out of 100, an Effective verdict backed by Strong Confidence. The evidence contains 3 human studies and 213 participants, and all 3 studies came back Effective. The most cited wavelength was 632.8 nm, and testing reached 1400 nm.
Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease is a lifelong inflammatory bowel disease in which the immune system attacks the wall of the digestive tract, anywhere from the mouth to the anus, but most often the last stretch of the small intestine. The inflammation runs through the full thickness of the wall in patches, and it brings diarrhea, cramping pain, weight loss, exhaustion, and, in around 1 in 5 patients, ulcers in the mouth. Steroids, immune-suppressing drugs, and antibody treatments control the flares, and half of all patients still need surgery at some point. However, the primary cause of the disease remains unknown. Researchers suspect an inherited tendency, a gut microbe population that the immune system misreads as a threat, and triggers in diet and smoking, but no single cause has been proven.
That uncertainty leaves treatment aimed at the immune response rather than the cause, and it leaves the fatigue, pain, and low mood that the drugs miss. Red light therapy can reach some of that and not the rest. The inflamed bowel lies too deep for light to reach through the skin, but the nerves and immune cells that run between gut and brain sit closer to the surface, in the abdominal wall, the limbs, and the head, and a 2023 perspective argues that light on those tissues dampens inflammatory signaling and lifts mood. A Crohn's mouth ulcer, by contrast, is in plain reach of a laser. The case for the light in this disease therefore rests on the symptoms around the bowel, not the bowel itself: fatigue, pain, mood, and mouth ulcers. A perspective article and a single case report carry the evidence, and neither used light on the intestine.
In 2025, Kuraitby and colleagues at Damascus University in Syria described that case in Medicine. A 23-year-old man, diagnosed with Crohn's disease 3 years earlier and treated for 2 of them with daily azathioprine, was referred with a 3-centimeter ulcer on the tip of his tongue that stopped him from eating and drinking, and an endoscopy at the same time found ulcers in his rectum and cecum. The team combined 0.1% triamcinolone paste with 650 nm laser light at 100 mW and 3 J/cm² on the ulcer, aiming to cut the pain, speed healing, and prevent scarring, and they reported better symptom control and outcome under the combined care of a gastroenterologist and a dentist. However, this is a 1-patient study, the steroid paste treated the ulcer alongside the light, and the light touched the tongue and not the bowel.
The proposal came 2 years earlier. In 2023, Laakso and Ewais at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, published a perspective in Biomedicines. Their argument is simple: red light has already eased pain, fatigue, and low mood in other conditions, the same nerve and immune pathways run through the gut, so the light should reach those 3 symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease as well. They borrow the wavelengths those studies used, 808, 830, and 904 nm, and suggest where a trial should aim them: the abdomen for the gut, the legs for fatigue, and the head for mood. However, a perspective argues a case rather than testing one, so the paper enrolled no patients, set no protocol, and reports no results.
Bloating & Nausea
Nausea is the queasy urge to vomit, felt in the stomach and the back of the throat, and bloating is the swollen, full feeling of a belly stretched by gas or slowed digestion. Infections, motion, pregnancy, migraine, and many medicines cause nausea, with chemotherapy among the most reliable triggers; bloating follows large meals, swallowed air, constipation, and gut disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. Both spoil appetite and sleep, and repeated vomiting causes weight and fluid loss. Only nausea has been tested with red light, and it begins not in the stomach but in the brainstem, where a cluster of nerve cells reads signals from the gut and the blood and sets off the urge to vomit.
That nerve cluster is what a nurse-researcher tried to reach through the skin, using a red laser pen on acupuncture points. The main one, on the inner wrist, is the point pressed against motion sickness and post-operative nausea, and needles at it have eased chemotherapy nausea in adults. Children dislike needles, so the researchers substituted 660 nm light. They propose that light at the point sends the same nerve signal a needle would, which dampens the brainstem's response to the chemotherapy drugs, and they expect milder nausea and fewer vomiting episodes in the days after each infusion. A single randomized trial, run against a switched-off pen, carries the evidence.
In 2019, Varejão and Santo at the National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro published that trial in the Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. 17 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17, all on chemotherapy of medium or high nausea-inducing strength, drew envelopes that assigned 7 to active laser and 10 to a placebo pen that gave no light. The pen delivered 660 nm at 30 mW, 3 J at each point on the wrist, hand, lower leg, ankle, back, and abdomen, for about 6 minutes per session, and each group was followed through 26 chemotherapy cycles. For 5 days after each infusion, the children graded their nausea from 0 to 2 and counted vomits. Nausea was lower in the laser group on all 5 days: moderate nausea appeared in 15 of 26 placebo cycles on day 1 and in 1 of 26 laser cycles. Vomiting was less frequent on days 2 and 3 and did not differ on days 1, 4, and 5. The authors concluded that laser acupuncture relieved nausea across the 5 days and vomiting on 2 of them. However, only 17 children took part, the researcher who applied the pen knew who received light, and the results were counted per chemotherapy cycle rather than per child.
Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is long-term inflammation that slowly scars the pancreas, the gland behind the stomach that makes digestive enzymes and insulin. Years of heavy drinking cause most cases, with smoking, gallstones, inherited faults, and immune disease behind the rest. The pain sits deep in the upper belly, gets worse after meals, and spreads to the back. Over time, the gland stops digesting fat and making insulin, so weight drops and diabetes can follow. Flare-ups send patients to the hospital for fluids, fasting, and strong painkillers.
During a flare, the inflammation shows up in the blood, and a team chose to target the blood itself rather than the pancreas, which sits too deep for light to reach through the skin. A thin fiber placed in an arm vein carried 630 nm red light at 1.5 to 2 mW for 20 minutes a day, 7 days running, alongside the standard hospital regimen. The physicians propose that light on blood cells passing the fiber dampens the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress driving a flare, and they expected to see that in ceruloplasmin, a protein the liver pours into the blood during inflammation. A single controlled study has already tested it.
In 2010, Burduli and Gutnova at the North Ossetian State Medical Academy in Vladikavkaz published that study in the Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 90 patients aged 36 to 77, most of them women, were admitted with a flare of chronic pancreatitis and split into 2 groups: standard treatment alone, or standard treatment plus the intravenous laser. Healthy adults carry about 1.3 micromoles of ceruloplasmin per liter of plasma, and both groups started near 1.9 to 2.0. After 7 days, the standard-treatment group fell to 1.63, a change that did not reach significance, and the laser group fell to 1.40, back within the healthy range and significantly lower than the controls. The authors concluded that the laser normalized ceruloplasmin and likely reflected faster resolution of inflammation. However, the report does not say how patients were assigned to the groups, it measured a single blood protein rather than pain, enzymes, or the gland itself, and it stopped at day 7.
Rectal Ulcer
Rectal ulcer or solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a sore on the lining of the rectum, usually on its front wall a few centimeters inside the anus, and despite the name it can be one ulcer, several, or a patch of raw, reddened lining. It shows itself as bleeding, mucus, straining, and a feeling that the bowel never quite empties, and it is confirmed by looking with a scope and taking a biopsy. The primary cause isn't defined yet. Researchers suspect that repeated straining forces the rectal wall against a pelvic floor that fails to relax, bruising the lining and starving it of blood.
That starved lining is the target one team chose for red light, and they took the light to the ulcer itself through the rectum. A 635 nm laser probe delivered 85 J/cm² over 10 minutes, once a day, for 7 days, with no medicine alongside it. Physicists and a gastroenterologist worked together on the case, reasoning from red light's record with mouth ulcers. Researchers expected the light to be absorbed by the lining cells, increasing their energy and blood supply so the sore would close faster than it would on its own and, in turn, heal without drugs or surgery. The study expanded below backs this methodology.
In 2024, Imtiaz and colleagues at the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences in Nilore published that case in Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. The patient was a 29-year-old woman with a single ulcer 0.57 centimeters across. Each of the 7 daily sessions delivered 635 nm light at 300 milliwatts (mW), 145 mW per square centimeter, for 10 minutes, and a physician checked the ulcer through a sigmoid probe at every visit. After the 7th session, the ulcer had closed completely. The patient reported no discomfort during treatment, and at follow-up it had not returned. The authors concluded that the light was an effective treatment for the syndrome in this patient. However, this is a single patient, such ulcers often heal with fiber and bowel retraining alone, and the report does not say how long the follow-up lasted.
Gastrointestinal Dysmotility
Gastrointestinal dysmotility is a failure of the muscles and nerves of the digestive tract to move its contents at the right pace: too slowly, as in a stomach that empties late or a bowel that stalls, or out of step, as in cramping and spasm. Diabetes, nerve damage, surgery, some medicines, and stress lie behind most cases, and many have no known cause. Bloating, nausea, pain after meals, and erratic bowels follow. Red light has been tested on just one type, biliary dyskinesia, which affects the gallbladder and its duct. There, the gallbladder fails to squeeze bile out after a fatty meal, or the sphincter at the duct's exit clamps shut when it should open, and when drugs fail, surgeons remove a gallbladder that contains no stones.
Red light therapy was tried by 2 routes at once. A helium-neon beam at 632.8 nm went onto acupuncture points linked to the gallbladder, and an infrared laser between 780 and 1400 nm went onto the skin over the liver, where bile is made. Light on the points nudges the nerve signals that time the gallbladder's squeeze and the sphincter's release, while infrared light on the liver acts on how much bile it makes and what the bile contains. Researchers expected the 2 together to restore the rhythm and to thin bile that was on its way to forming stones. One clinical series, published in Russian in 1992, supports this.
In 1992, Vorob'ev and colleagues reported a series on 57 patients with biliary dyskinesia in 1 of 3 patterns: a sluggish gallbladder, an over-tight sphincter of Oddi, or both. Patients received both lasers alongside their usual treatment. The authors reported that the combination shortened the course of treatment, abolished the bile-flow disorder, and returned the bile's chemistry to a normal balance in patients whose bile had been prone to forming stones. However, the report has no measured results, no comparison group, and no session count.
Gut Microbiome Imbalance
Gut microbiome imbalance, or dysbiosis, is a shift in the trillions of bacteria and other microbes living in the intestine, away from a diverse, stable mix and toward one dominated by fewer or more harmful species. Courses of antibiotics, a diet low in fiber, infections, alcohol, and prolonged stress drive the shift. The result shows as bloating, wind, and unpredictable bowels, and researchers link it to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and low mood.
Red light therapy has not been tried on the gut's microbes in any human trial, and the reason is depth. Red and near-infrared light reach a few centimeters into tissue, and the intestines lie beyond that from any surface a lamp can touch. A group of laser researchers has proposed a way around it: apply the light in the mouth, where small studies have shown it can shift which bacteria grow, and let the swallowed microbes carry that shift to the gut. They expect, if the idea holds, a change in gut composition without anything entering the body. The same group's earlier review took a second route, arguing that light, as the strongest setter of the body clock, could restore the daily rhythm the gut's microbes follow.
In 2025, Hakimiha and colleagues at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran published that proposal in Frontiers in Medicine. They review the obstacles to lighting the gut directly, gather laboratory and small clinical reports in which blue, red, and near-infrared light between 400 and 976 nm altered the bacteria of the mouth, and argue that the mouth-to-gut axis could turn those changes into a gut effect. They add that the same route might one day bear on brain disorders linked to oral bacteria. The paper closes with a research agenda: measure the microbial change in the mouth, track it to the gut, and then test whether gut health follows. However, a perspective article argues a case rather than testing one. It reports no patients, no protocol, and no results of its own, and none of the oral-light studies it cites measured anything in the gut.
The earlier paper came from the same institute. In 2023, Jahani-Sherafat and colleagues published a review in Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench that set out how the gut's microbes shape immunity and the intestinal barrier, described red and near-infrared light between 630 and 1200 nm, and gathered the animal experiments in which light on the abdomen shifted gut bacteria alongside the few small human reports of light applied to the abdomen, head, or mouth. They concluded that light could serve as a supportive therapy for microbe-related gut disorders and called for studies to find the right dose, frequency, and duration for each condition. However, the review reports no patients or results of its own, most of the work it gathers was done in mice, and no human study it cites measured a change in gut bacteria after light.
How does Red Light Therapy Work for Digestive Health?
Wherever red light reaches, it sets off the same reaction in the cells. An enzyme inside the mitochondria absorbs it and raises the cell's energy output, releases nitric oxide, and turns down the signals that drive inflammation, as Hamblin's 2017 review in AIMS Biophysics sets out. On the digestive tract, researchers have put that one reaction to 4 uses. On a sore, the extra energy supports repair, such as in stomach, rectal, and mouth ulcers. On an acupuncture point or over the lower spine, the light fires the nerves beneath it, the route taken against nausea, constipation, and a sluggish gallbladder. On blood or inflamed tissue, it acts on the inflammation, the aim in pancreatitis and hemorrhoids. On a clenched sphincter, the nitric oxide it releases lets the muscle relax, which is why surgeons tried it on anal fissures, and a 2016 review in Current Medicinal Chemistry describes nitric oxide as the gut's own relaxing signal. The bottom line is that the route red light therapy takes depends highly on where it is placed.
How to Use the Right Red Light Device for Digestive Health?
To use a red light device for digestive health, aim a panel carrying red and near-infrared light at the bare skin of the lower back, across the base of the spine, where the nerves that run the bowel enter and leave it. That is the one placement a panel has been tested in, with 660 and 840 nm light over the lower back for 20 minutes. Keep the skin uncovered, as in the Canadian constipation study. However, a panel reaches the skin and the nerves beneath it, not the gut. Ulcers, fissures, hemorrhoids, and the blood in pancreatitis were reached with probes, fibers, and laser pens in clinics, and those belong with a clinician. Bleeding, black stools, or belly pain that wakes you at night need a doctor before any light.
How Frequently should You Use Red Light Therapy for Digestive Health?
For digestive conditions, use red light therapy 2 to 3 times a week for 3 to 4 weeks. Across the conditions studied, the courses ran from a single session for anal fissure, to daily treatment for 7 days for rectal ulcer and pancreatitis, to 3 sessions a week for a month for constipation, and half the conditions reported no schedule at all. The daily courses were clinic procedures delivered inside the rectum or a vein, so a home panel sits closer to the constipation course. Stop and see a doctor if pain, bleeding, or bowel habits get worse during a course.
How Long Does Red Light Therapy Take to Act on Digestive Health?
The trials on this page recorded a first change within a day to a week, and took their last readings at 7 days to 3 months. Chemotherapy nausea was milder from the first day after an infusion, a rectal ulcer had closed by the 7th daily session, and a blood marker of pancreatic inflammation was back in the healthy range after 7 days. Anal fissure pain fell by almost half in the first week but took 2 months to fade nearly completely, and the constipated children who had 4 weeks of sessions were assessed 3 months later, so that gain sits at the end of the longest wait. However, no study followed anyone beyond 3 months, so it's unclear how long results last once the sessions stop. If a course shows nothing by its planned end, discuss it with a doctor rather than extend it on your own.
Are there any Risks of Using Red Light Therapy for Digestive Health?
The studies on this page reported few side effects. The only harms recorded across the studies on this page were 3 minor complications among the 38 anal fissure patients. Red light carries no ultraviolet and little heat. However, the larger risk is not the light but the delay. Bleeding, pain, and a changed bowel habit are the symptoms most conditions here share, and they are also how bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease first show themselves, so a diagnosis should come before a panel. The ulcer, fissure, and pancreatitis treatments were performed inside the body by clinicians and are not for home use. Wear protective eyewear near a bright panel, and check with a clinician first if you take medicines that raise light sensitivity.
Do Helio Cure Panels Use the Wavelengths Studied for Digestive Conditions?
Yes. Helio Cure panels run 630, 660, 810, 830, 850, and 1064 nm, all inside the 630 to 1470 nm range the digestive studies used. The constipation panels on the lower back and the laser pen tested against chemotherapy nausea both used 660 nm, and the pancreatitis study carried 630 nm into the blood. The stomach ulcer studies cite 632.8 nm most often, and the rectal ulcer, hemorrhoid, and Crohn's reports ran between 632 and 650 nm, a few nanometers from the panel's 630 and 660 nm.
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